Election Day 2024 is here, and all eyes are on eight critical “battleground states” that could determine the results: Arizona, Georgia, Michigan, Nebraska, Nevada, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin. These states, known for swinging both Blue and Red and thus earning them the name swing states, were pivotal to determining the 2016 and 2020 election results. Experts expect 2024 will be no different. Both Republican nominee former President Donald Trump and Democratic nominee Vice President Kamala Harris have campaigned extensively in these battleground states in hopes of locking in the required 270 electoral votes for a win.

While many states vote fairly consistently for either Democrats or Republicans, both parties see a chance to win in the battlegrounds and invest a huge amount of money and time into campaigning in these states. The U.S. doesn't elect presidents by popular vote, but rather through the unique electoral college. In the vast majority of states, that means the winner of a state gets all that state's electors, regardless of the margin of their win. In practice, that means that voters in these swing states — states where the race between the candidates is very close, and could be swayed one way or another — have disproportional impact on the national results.

Which States Are Most Likely to Decide the Election?

As Americans cast their ballots in this historic election, some votes — as usual — matter more than others. The list of swing states is far from static: It changes as voting patterns shift. Florida, for instance, was a key swing state for many years, but has trended increasingly Republican and has lost that status. The same is true for Ohio. Meanwhile Georgia was once reliably red, but is now in play for Democrats.

This election, there are seven states widely seen as competitive: the “Blue Wall” states of Michigan, Wisconsin and Pennsylvania, and the Sun Belt states of Nevada, Arizona, North Carolina and Georgia. Harris has the easier path than Trump to getting to 270 electoral votes. She could win by corralling Michigan (15 electoral votes), Pennsylvania (19 electoral votes) and Wisconsin (10 electoral votes). Victories in those three “blue wall” states would get her to exactly 270.

Why These States Matter

Let’s start with some basics: 226 electoral votes can be found in the states — along with Nebraska’s 2nd Congressional District and Washington, DC — where Harris has had a clear lead over Trump. Meanwhile, 219 electoral votes seem to be leaning in the former president’s direction. We take these places off the board because one of the candidates is ahead by 5 points or more in almost all of them.

The 2024 presidential election isn’t a race for student council president. And it’s not just because one of the candidates is 60 years old (Kamala Harris) and the other is about two years shy of 80 (Donald Trump). It’s because, as Democrats Hillary Clinton and Al Gore know, the national popular vote does not determine the winner. The only thing that matters is getting to 270 electoral votes through the Electoral College. This year, if you know the winner(s) in these five states — Georgia, Michigan, North Carolina, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin, and perhaps a sixth, Arizona — you’ll know which candidate has gotten there. Why is it these five or six states? They all by far have seen the closest polling, and each is worth at least 10 electoral votes.

The Importance of the “Blue Wall” States

The polling in these three states is close. An average of recent polling shows Harris with the smallest of advantages in Michigan and Wisconsin (about a point), and the two candidates tied in Pennsylvania. (Other averages might have her slightly further ahead or even slightly behind in those states.) It isn’t a surprise that Michigan, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin are Harris’ best states of the remaining important ones. These are the three states that Clinton lost by the smallest margin in 2016, and all three helped put Joe Biden over the top in 2020. Harris also seems to be holding up better among White voters than voters of color relative to Biden’s 2020 performance. These states have the highest percentage of White voters of the current battleground states.

Southern States to Watch

But polls are not perfect. Trump could easily win one or more of these three states. Let’s say he wins one of them. Harris could still get to 270 electoral votes by adding another state to her column.

No state has had more consecutive presidential elections decided by less than 5 points than North Carolina at four straight cycles. And the Tar Heel State is likely to be quite competitive again. Trump seems to have an advantage of about a point in North Carolina right now, according to an average of recent polls. Importantly, the state has 16 electoral votes. This means that Harris could lose either Michigan or Wisconsin, and easily substitute in North Carolina.

The same holds true for Georgia. The Peach State has 16 electoral votes. So why does North Carolina rank ahead of Georgia for me in terms of importance? After all, Biden won Georgia in 2020, while he lost North Carolina to Trump by a point. The simple explanation is that the polling has been closer in North Carolina this time around. Trump’s been ahead by 1 to 2 points, per the average of Georgia polling over the past few weeks.

And given that the Democratic base in each of these Southern states is highly reliant on Black and college-educated voters, chances are high that any polling error in one state would be seen in the other, too. In other words, Harris would likely have a better chance at winning North Carolina than she would Georgia. That said, we don’t know for sure that Georgia will vote to the right of North Carolina. And if Harris loses Wisconsin, along with either Michigan or Pennsylvania, she would need both Southern states to get to 270 electoral votes.

Two More States to Keep an Eye On

You’ll note that I haven’t spoken about either Arizona (the sixth state I teased earlier) or Nevada (a battleground state where the current polling is very tight).

In the case of Arizona, the reason is a combination of two factors: the closeness of the polls and the number of electoral votes. Trump’s strongest state in the battleground polling has been Arizona. He’s up by about 2 points on average over Harris. That’s within any margin of error, but it still makes the state somewhat less appetizing for the vice president. Additionally, Arizona has 11 electoral votes. Michigan and Pennsylvania both have more. If Harris lost either one, substituting Arizona would not be enough to get her to 270 electoral votes. You’d need another state plus Arizona.

Arizona does at least have more electoral votes than Wisconsin. You cannot say that about Nevada, however, which has just six electoral votes. While I can draw up scenarios under which Nevada would determine the winner, they would be few and far between. So even though polling in the Silver State is close (within a point), the electoral math lines up in such a way that only in a rare scenario would Nevada truly make the difference.

Conclusion

Of course, knowing how crazy our politics have been, we can’t dismiss the electoral map. But the bottom line is this election is most likely going to come down to five states … or maybe six.

The 2024 presidential election is shaping up to be a close race, with several battleground states poised to determine the outcome. Keep a close eye on the states discussed above, as they will likely play a crucial role in deciding who will be the next president of the United States.