The world's first vaccine combating ovarian cancer could "wipe out" the deadly disease, researchers say. Scientists at the University of Oxford are creating OvarianVax, a jab which teaches the immune system to recognise and attack the earliest stages of ovarian cancer. The hope is that the shot could be given to women preventatively on the NHS with the aim of eliminating the disease. Experts suggest it could work in a similar way to the human papillomavirus (HPV) jab, which is on track to stamp out cervical cancer.
HPV jabs are currently dished out to secondary school children and people at high risk of the virus, cutting their risk of getting conditions linked to HPV - including cervical cancer and genital warts.
Prof Ahmed Ahmed, director of the ovarian cancer cell laboratory at MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine at the University of Oxford, and his team are working to identify cellular targets for their ovarian cancer vaccine. They will establish which proteins on the surface of early-stage ovarian cancer cells are most strongly recognised by the immune system, and how effectively the vaccine kills mini-models of ovarian cancer in the lab. They will then move on to human clinical trials in people with BRCA gene mutations - which massively increase the risk of ovarian cancer - and healthy women in the general population to see if the disease could be prevented.
Cancer Research UK is funding the study with up to £600,000 over the next three years. Prof Ahmed said that, if the jab is successful, he would expect to start seeing an impact within the next five years.
At present, some 4,100 Brits die of ovarian cancer every year. Asked if ovarian cancer could be wiped out with the new vaccine, he said: "Absolutely - that would be the aim.
"We still have a long way to go but it is a really exciting time. I'm very optimistic myself."
Scientists will create the vaccine in the lab, with the aim of training the immune system to recognise more than 100 proteins on the surface of ovarian cancer, known as tumour-associated antigens. They will then move to testing the vaccine in patients with the disease. Prof Ahmed said: "The idea is, if you give the vaccine, these tiny tumours will hopefully either reduce, shrink really significantly, or disappear.
"That would give us the sign that the vaccine is working."
The next stage would then be to include women with BRCA mutations and a wider general population of women without known disease to see whether "the vaccine would be suitable for all" in preventing ovarian cancer. Prof Ahmed said: "Let's imagine that it all goes well, and the vaccine really works well.
"Now, the obvious population who would benefit from this are the BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers, because they have a very high chance of getting ovarian cancer.
"If you give it to those patients and it's effective, then you get the best health economics and the best cost-effectiveness.
Ovarian cancers affects the ovaries - the organs that store the eggs needed to make babies. It mostly affects women over the age of 50 and can sometimes run in families, according to the NHS. Symptoms of the cancer can be vague, particularly in its early stages, Cancer Research UK SAYS. The charity advises you speak to a GP if you have the following symptoms:
The NHS added that bleeding from the vagina after the menopause could be another possible symptom of ovarian cancer.
"The question then becomes - would it really benefit the general population? Could you offer it to everyone?"
At the moment, there is no screening test for ovarian cancer, which is often diagnosed in late stages because the symptoms - such as bloating and no appetite - can be vague. Women with BRCA mutations, such as actress Angelina Jolie, are at high risk. Almost 45 per cent of people with an altered BRCA1 gene and almost 20 per cent with an altered BRCA2 gene will develop ovarian cancer by the age of 80, compared with just 2 per cent in the general population. Currently, women with BRCA1/2 alterations are recommended to have their ovaries removed by the age of 35, which means they go through early menopause and cannot have children afterwards.
Prof Ahmed said BRCA mutation carriers could benefit greatly from the new vaccine because "they wouldn't then have to have their ovaries removed". However, he said his team will be trying to get the best components included in the vaccine so it "would be effective for as many people as possible", including the wider population. He added: "I am optimistic because we are talking about preventing the very first few cancer cells that develop - and not trying to cure or treat or prevent the tumour coming back.
"I'm hoping that, because the number of cells that we will be targeting is quite small, we will have success. We've seen success with the HPV vaccine - it's really, really incredibly effective."
Prof Ahmed said that "while the full blown timeline" for a vaccine being approved "might be many years away", the "impact that it would have, if it's successful, would hopefully be much sooner". He said that, through the clinical trials, he would hope to start seeing the impact of the vaccine "in four or five years on the healthy population".
There are around 7,500 new ovarian cancer cases every year in the UK, with BRCA mutations accounting for around five to 15 per cent of these cases. Michelle Mitchell, chief executive of Cancer Research UK, said: "Projects like OvarianVax are a really important step forward into an exciting future, where cancer is much more preventable.
"This funding will power crucial discoveries in the lab which will realise our ambitions to improve ovarian cancer survival. OvarianVax builds on the exciting developments in vaccine technology during the pandemic. This is one of many projects which we hope will give women longer, better lives, free from the fear of cancer."
